What To Do A Research Paper On College Homework Help And Online Tutoring.

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What To Do A Research Paper On College Homework Help And Online Tutoring.

What To Do A Research Paper On College Homework Help And Online Tutoring. Look for books, articles, and different scholarly works associated to your paper’s subject. Then, like following a path of clues, verify these works’ references for additional related sources. First and foremost, provide us with all of the potential particulars and necessities for your educational assignment. All analysis papers require compulsory compliance with directions acquired out of your lecturer and particular formatting rules. Remember, the more information you provide, the higher paper you will get. PapersMart.internet offers the impeccable high quality of analysis papers together with the total confidentiality of transactions. As you learn more about your matter, develop a working thesis, or a concise assertion that presents an argument. A thesis isn’t just a reality or opinion; somewhat, it’s a particular, defensible declare. While you may tweak it through the writing course of, your thesis is the foundation of your whole paper’s construction. We encourage you to thank the writer if you're glad in regards to the communication process and the achieved task. In order in your chosen professional to start writing your research paper, you will have to make a deposit. This amount of money will stay in your account till you're glad with the ultimate outcome. You need not pay someone to write a research paper in advance. Search for credible sources online and at a library. If you’re writing a paper for a category, start by checking your syllabus and textbook’s references. Then I make particular feedback on every part, itemizing the main questions or considerations. Depending on how a lot time I actually have, I generally also end with a bit of minor comments. I spend a good amount of time trying on the figures. I also wish to know whether or not the authors’ conclusions are adequately supported by the outcomes. Conclusions which might be overstated or out of sync with the findings will adversely influence my evaluation and recommendations. Our purchasers' help team works 24/7 to offer one of the best service. You've obtained issues with writer choice or want to make clear some issues, feel free to contact us through chat, and we'll deal with your request instantly. Review the paper as soon as it’s written and approve the fee if the task meets all requirements. Remember that you're free to ask your author for a revision/s of the assignment, if essential. Before you start the draft, go to any website which cannot be edited by online users; remember Wikipedia and Quora aren't thought-about good academic sources. You have to conduct a study even before you develop the start of your paper. A title must be selected correctly after you decide on the subject. The knowledge of the way to write a research paper is quite important not just for college students but for the younger professionals and experienced scientists. Most of the time is spent intently reading the paper and taking notes. Once I have the notes, writing the evaluation itself usually takes lower than an hour. I often don’t determine on a recommendation until I’ve learn the entire paper, although for poor high quality papers, it isn’t all the time essential to read every thing. I use annotations that I made within the PDF to start writing my review; that means I never forget to say something that occurred to me while reading the paper. Once your assist write my research paper request is completed, and your paper passes the standard assurance check and plagiarism free revision, we send you an e-mail notification. Remember, you're free to ask the author to edit it until the project meets all of your necessities. You pays utilizing Visa, Mastercard, and American Express. When you receive a last model of your paper that satisfies you, you consent to proceed with the ultimate cost. Make ‘writing my research papers’ problem our duty. Researching, outlining, drafting, and revising are all essential steps, so do your finest to budget your time properly. Try to keep away from ready until the final minute to write down your paper. First, set the context in your readers, particularly if the topic is obscure. Then, in round three to 5 body paragraphs, concentrate on a selected factor or piece of evidence that supports your thesis. Each concept should circulate to the next so the reader can easily observe your logic. For a paper on British pottery within the Industrial Revolution, for example, you'd first clarify what the products are, how they’re made, and what the market was like on the time.

Tips And Advice For Writing Great Psychology Papers

Tips And Advice For Writing Great Psychology Papers You should write as many body paragraphs as you could have the important thing factors. Your define will help you to complete this a part of your paper. But you shouldn’t suppose that you have to strictly follow it. It might evolve and you are free to revise it and make changes. The key thing is to remain on your observe and focus on your thesis. You might want to re-read your paper a number of instances. A good strategy is to learn your paper backwards. In this fashion, you'll feel a little disoriented and can have the ability to catch extra errors. You should begin studying the final sentence, then check the second to the last one and proceed doing it until you get to your first sentence. Start every body paragraph with a topic sentence and provide arguments and related evidence to help it. The price will be calculated relying on the number of pages, deadline, sort of paper, and academic level. You are welcome to use the price calculator on our web page or contact the Support Team to get an estimate. Over the years, we have written and edited hundreds of admission essays and personal statements for students making use of to academic establishments everywhere in the globe. The Pro-Papers staff consists of young professionals with a optimistic life angle and a dedication to serving to students achieve their educational targets within the best methods attainable. Will positively chose him again for my other assignments sooner or later. When you’re rewriting the paper, don’t merely correct the typos and submit againâ€"â€"professors might feel like you’re losing their time should you don’t hearken to their feedback. You would possibly have to add more sources or strengthen your argument. You can avoid that pitfall by writing a strong outline earlier than drafting the essay. That similar format works for every thing from a three-page analytical essay to a fifteen-page analysis paper. You’ll obviously need extra body paragraphs in an extended paper, and in any argumentative paper you’ll wish to tackle counter-arguments or problems in your argument. But use the five-paragraph template to create an outline on your paper. But if meaning elevating your grade on a significant assignment, it’s time nicely spent. The last thing most school college students want to do after submitting an essay is to rewrite it. But you’d be surprised what number of college students lose the opportunity to improve their grades, just because they don’t ask about rewrites. No one makes a better editor than the person grading your essay. So you need to at all times examine whether your professor or TA will evaluation a draft of your paper before the due date. Ask if they have a policy about studying draftsâ€"â€"or at least ask in the event that they’ll read your first paragraph, which is able to make or break your grade. That’s proper, there are seven steps earlier than you get to actually write the essay. Once you could have an evidence list, it is going to be a lot easier to craft your body paragraphs, the meat of your paper where you lay out your argument. The essay wraps up with a conclusion, the place you reiterate your level. This web page lists a number of the stages involved in writing a library-based mostly research paper. Now that you know your proof, it’s time to hone your argument. The introduction is the completely most necessary part of any paper. Within that first paragraph, your professor is already deciding whether you’ve submitted an A paper or not. As a reminder, the 5-paragraph essay opens with your introduction paragraph, which ends together with your thesis assertion, or argument. The next three body paragraphs lay out your evidence.

Top 8 Apps And Tools To Help You Write Your Essays In 2017

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Writing An Anthropology Paper

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Instead of ignoring suggestions that the project proprietor doesn’t agree with, it’s higher to seek dialogue with the co-creator. If they'll’t come to an agreement, the subject ought to be opened up to the entire group. Remember to speak about the introduction and discussion sections particularly, as they probably need real collaborative effort. You perhaps want to set further conferences to debate the content of those sections. We have developed a prototype determination tree and the EQUATOR wizard (available at ) that can assist you choose the proper reporting guideline on your work. This wizard only contains frequent reporting guidelines for generic study sorts and does not include most guideline extensions. Once you've got selected a database to make use of, use the key phrases that you just developed out of your basic research to find articles that might be helpful for you. 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Every co-creator ought to learn the final draft before the paper is submitted. It consists of a sequence of textual content boxes for each CONSORT merchandise, prompting you to describe each detail of your examine. Once you have filled in the entire related text boxes, COBWEB creates a formatted Word doc for you to edit and proceed engaged on. One of the first hurdles to get over when writing up a research plan or reporting the results of your research is finding the suitable reporting guideline. And all accomplished duties are written because of really helpful academic requirements. When it is ready, we examine the task and send it to you earlier than the set deadline. If you want to change one thing, you'll be able to write us back and we'll do all of the amendments. When you already know what sort of paper you need us to do, merely fill in the order type and provide as many details as you can concerning the assignment. Don’t forget to specify the word or page count and the deadline for your paper. An straightforward 5-step course of to get funding to develop your scientific writing. I interviewed Dr Richard Kelly, Executive Editor of Chem Soc Rev. Find out how objective a review paper ought to be, whether you will need to tell a story in your review paper and more.

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Professional English And Academic Editing Service By Experts

Professional English And Academic Editing Service By Experts Again, the type of font used can make the word depend higher or decrease, but it’s a good rule of thumb for individuals who are simply looking for a general estimation. The reality is there isn't a definitive answer to this question. For instance, if the project says the writing should be in 10-level font, it’s going to take a higher number of phrases to fill a page than if the task requires a 12-point font. At EduBirdie, professionals will bid on each task and the shopper can select which bid to proceed with. Assignment Lab Essay Writer App is another out there essay writing app for iPad. As far as its design is concerned, I’d say it’s common. Although the app is easy to make use of, it has many unnecessary buttons, which is a bit irritating. Right, for the reason that android app of EssayTigers was not one of many high essay writing apps, you think that the iOS model ought to be better, right? Well, it’s certainly obtained greater score on iTunes than the model you can obtain from Google Play â€" the app scored 4+. Once you open the application, it looks roughly like EssayTigers’ web site. Once a buyer creates a personal account, they will use their account to collaborate with their writer, make any updates they wish and launch cash once they’re utterly satisfied. However, it’s not any different than Google Calendar, which also works well as an organizer. While it is free, the app doesn’t offer something new in the essay and homework organizing world since these features are already included in other essay-writing apps. It offers weekly reminders inspired by Google Calendar.Personal notifications exist already in other essay apps. it’s like completely different fonts take up completely different quantity of space on a page, so does your particular handwriting. The finest way to know your per web page word depend could be to look at past pages and depend the variety of words you write for every page. When I was in school after I was youthful, all assignments had been web page count. For assignments that require double spacing, it will take roughly 250 phrases to fill the page. Prices vary relying on the academic degree of the essay, its complexity and its deadline. Seasonality additionally has an effect on the bids, so midterms and finals will sometimes see larger prices. Pay solely when it meets all necessities and is plagiarism-free. EduBirdie is your one-cease-shop for modifying and proofreading! We have an expansive database of editors who might help hone and perfect your academic paper, eliminating all grammar and syntax mistakes alongside the way. If you check out app’s design, you’ll notice that it’s fairly sketchy and format could be better. While utilizing it, you have to be conscious of your Internet connection. If it slows down, the interplay with the program turns into difficult. The solely thing price mentioning is that you just can not estimate how much you’ll pay on your essay. However, no matter you click on, it responds very slowly. Similar to EssayShark, EssayTigers’ got 2 apps, one for android and the other for iOS. As far because the android app is concerned, it scored poorly on Google Play compared to other essay writing functions. it’s time consuming, however another estimate is sure to not be accurate because it’s so dependent on your handwriting. Why is every little thing word count nowadays as a substitute of web page depend?

Companies That Write Research Papers

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Companies That Write Research Papers

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Preparing To Write A Research Paper

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friends, and other things

friends, and other things Here is a picture of Allans room, snipped from here: He left this morning: Although we seem to be interconnected in almost every way imaginable we have the same romanized last names, were both in the same acapella group, were next door neighbors, were admissions bloggers were also very different people. And yet, we have become good friends. It seems like I havent had the time this semester to sit and think about the relationship weve weaved, but now that I am free, it all comes rushing to me the late nights, ordering Dominos, using the coupons for 2 Medium Pan Pizzas For 8.99 Each, the occassional late night conversation, sharing the precious time we spend after classes together twice a week to sing, setting up the dilapidated drum set in the tv lounge, subsequently teaching me the bossa nova, getting dim sum with other 5W friends, learning perc. All these memories come to me at once, in the same time and place, and all these memories fill the the now empty expanse that is allans room. i have a stack of summer reading on my desk that i will start clearing soon: much of it is technical, like strang, or sections of clrs some are linguisticsy, like chomsky or a book on acoustic analysis im reading for my urop some are for fun, like the first seven volumes of saga that my so let me borrow for the summer. i started crafting this pile several weeks ago, slowly adding to it by browsing bookstores on my birthday, anticipating when id start tackling the first volume, held back by the four looming finals i had to take. (four! ;-;) but now that im done, and theres no reason for me not to begin, all i can do is stare at it and want to take a nap. i think im exhausted: i think i need a week to turn off my brain. and yet, even though i feel like death and my brain feels like its deep-fried after unsucessfully attempting the last two problems on the 6.042 final, im happy. my mental state is the healthiest its been in years. i made so many good friends this year: from 5W, from toons, from my future home at 2E in next house, from my classes. all these places have become not just my home, but a community that i love. i wish i could give you all these memories i wish i could share these memories i cherish very dearly. i could tell you all about late nights playing smash, or guitar hero, or going to yamatos, or going to ihop after a formal in tuxedos and black tie outfits, or toscis after 2.00b final presentations, or the 6.042/8.02 pset parties, or the bus rides to wellesley at sunset, or taking the t to chinatown, or studying for the 18.03 final with an impromptu differential equations bee, or the 5:30 dinner club, or the normal days with quiet nights at hayden or the quiet mid-days at barker, o r the toons retreat where we pet goats and almost set fire to the cabin we stayed in, or the toons final concert, or that one time i aced my midterm (it doesnt come often), or the two-hour-long kung fu tea runs, or i would i could show you how much my first year at mit has changed me, sometimes for worse, but so often for the better. see you in a few weeks. until then, have some chon. Post Tagged #East Campus #photography

The Canterbury Tales Wife of Bath - 870 Words

The Canterbury Tales: Wife of Bath In the Hollywood blockbuster Basic Instinct, Sharon Stone plays a devious, manipulative, sex-driven woman who gets whatever she wants through her ploys for control. Stones portrayal of this character is unforgettable and makes the movie. In book or film, the most memorable female characters are those who break out of the stereotypical good wife mold. When an author or actress uses this technique effectively, the woman often carries the story. In Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales, he portrays the Wife of Bath, Alison, as a woman who bucks the tradition of her times with her brashness and desire for control to present a womans point of view and to evoke some sympathy for her. In the authors†¦show more content†¦And after he gives her control, we hadde never debat (P828). She has won this battle of wits, but it seems as though Jankyn has none. One way or another, Alison has made her puppets dance, completely under her dominion. Her tale backs up her philosophy, as the main point is that Wommen desire to have sovereinetee/As wel over hir housbonde and hir love,/And for to been in maistrye him above(T1044). The Tale backs up the Prologue and pleads for the emancipation of women. Alison is her own ideal of what a woman should be. By gaining sovereignty, she has the power. Chaucer has presented us with a fresh view of women, uncharacteristic of his time. The Wife of Bath is unique, and her defining qualities allow what the author thinks of women to reveal itself clearly. She is an immoral woman who has done whatever she has needed to do to get what she wants, and the author makes noShow MoreRelatedThe Wife Of Bath Tales And Chaucers The Canterbury Tales791 Words   |  4 Pagesbody did not feel the spade and the sewer as [her] live body felt the fire† (92). Shakespeare depicts Joan, in Henry VI, as â€Å"a ‘troll,’ ‘witch,’ ‘strumpet,’ ‘foul fiend of France’ (qtd. in Sarawsat 90). Likewise, Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales represents the ‘wife of Bath Tale’ as bawdy. The protagonist Alison â€Å"still submits to the rule of patriarchal world†, she suffers because she is oppressed to the bone. She â€Å"struggles for respect in her own household†. That is why; s he needs an inner upheavalRead MoreChaucers Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesweaves together tales of twenty nine different people on their common journey to Canterbury. Through their time on the road, these characters explore the diverse lives of those traveling together, narrated by the host of the group. Each character in the ensemble is entitled to a prologue, explaining his or her life and the reasons for the tale, as well as the actual story, meant to have moral implications or simply to entertain. One narrative in particular, that of the Wife of Bath, serves both purposes:Read More Wife of Bath in Chaecers Canterbury Tales Essay912 Words   |  4 Pages In the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer the story tells about men and women going on pilgrimages, among them the Wife of Bath in search of her 6th husband, who go on a journey to pay their respect to Sir Thomas à ¡ Becket. During the story the Wife of Bath strongly expresses hers elf as a very strong woman and knows what she expects with the men shes with. As well as this, with all her beauty and respect she was given in life the Wife of Bath displays herself highly. Finally, she idealsRead More Canterbury Tales - Comparing Chaucers The Clerks Tale and The Wife of Bath Tale1963 Words   |  8 Pages In The Clerks Tale and The Wife of Baths Tale from Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, characters are demanding, powerful and manipulating in order to gain obedience from others. From all of The Canterbury Tales, The Clerks Tale and The Wife of Baths Tale are the two most similar tales. These tales relate to each other in the terms of obedience and the treatment of women. The Wife of Bath Tale consists of one woman who has complete controlRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - The Strong Wife of Bath1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe Strong Wife of Bath       Alison of Bath as a battered wife may seem all wrong, but her fifth husband, Jankyn, did torment her and knock her down, if not out, deafening her somewhat in the process. Nevertheless, the Wife of Bath got the upper hand in this marriage as she had done in the other four and as she would probably do in the sixth, which she declared herself ready to welcome. Alison certainly ranks high among women able to gain control over their mates.    The Wife of BathsRead More Canterbury Tales Essay - Sexuality in The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner1711 Words   |  7 PagesSexuality in The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner In Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, an eclectic mix of people gathers together at Tabard Inn to begin a pilgrimage to Canterbury. In the General Prologue, the readers are introduced to each of these characters. Among the pilgrims are the provocative Wife of Bath and the meek Pardoner. These two characters both demonstrate sexuality, in very different ways. Chaucer uses the Wife and the Pardoner to examine sexuality in the medieval periodRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - The Powerful Wife of Bath1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Powerful Wife of Bath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Geoffrey Chacers The Canterbury Tales we are introduced to 29 people who are going on a pilgrimage to St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. Each person is represented to fit a unique type of behavior as shown by people during the medieval ages.   My attention was drawn to the Wife of Bath through which Chaucer notes the gender inequalities.   Predominantly, women could either choose to marry and become a childbearing wife or go intoRead MoreChaucer s Canterbury Tales And The Wife Of Bath s Tale1167 Words   |  5 Pagesalways tries to improve a part of society in a moral basis. The reason it targets a part of society is because didactic literature has an audience of origin that the moral applies to. For example, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Prologue† and â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Tale† , which is written by Geoffrey Chaucer, takes place during the late 5th and early 6th century during King Arthur’s reign of Great Britain. During this era, society was structured in a totally different manner thanRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantly

Effective Nurse-Patient Communication During Uncertainty...

Effective Nurse-Patient Communication during Uncertainty in Illness Effective Nurse-Patient Communication during Uncertainty in Illness The Healthy People 2020 initiative includes goals to increase the number of patients who report that their healthcare providers listened to them carefully to 65% and increase the number of patients who report that their healthcare provider explained things so they could understand them to 66% (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The nursing profession plays an important role in making progress toward these goals through advocacy for effective communication. Being able to effectively communicate with patients is an essential skill for healthcare providers, especially†¦show more content†¦Provider-nurse communication affects patient outcomes, such as improved health and well-being, and has been associated with improved coping strategies and a decline in distress. However, only half of patient expressed concerns are acknowledged by nurses and often, nurses will distance themselves to avoid responding to cues patients have provided (Sheldon amp; Elli ngton, 2008). A study conducted by Wilkinson (1991) focused on nurse communication with cancer patients. Wilkinson (1991) discovered that nurses who were less confident in having open communication with patients were less likely to display behaviors that assisted patients in expressing their concerns. Nurses need to possess specific communication skills when patients attempt to express their emotions and concerns regarding uncertainty of their illness. However, most research on nurse-patient communication has failed to applying existing communication theories and has been exploratory in nature (Sheldon amp; Ellington, 2008). Due to the lack of experimental research and theoretical basis in the area of nurse-patient communication a call for improvement in this area has been made (Sheldon amp; Ellington, 2008). Crick and Dodge’s (1994) social information processing model (SIPM) contributes constructs, closely associated with Orlando’s theory of deliberative nursingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of Communication Between Doctors and Nurses916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Effective Communication between Doctors and Nurses during End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit End-of-life care, as defined by the U.S. National Institute on Aging, is the term used to describe the support and medical care given during the time surrounding death. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialty area that cares for critically-ill patients who are facing life-threatening problems. The goal of the ICU is to help patients and their families get through this difficultRead MorePalliative Care for Children Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesPalliative Care for Children: Enhancing the Quality of Life for a Child with a Life-Threatening Illness Melissa Spitler English Composition 2 Instructor Barckholtz May 17, 2010 Palliative Care for Children: Enhancing the Quality of Life for a Child with a Life-Threatening Illness â€Å"Each year in the USA about 500,000 children are coping with life-threatening illnesses† (Huang et al., 2010). The standard of care for children living with life-threatening conditions is vital for these childrenRead MorePediatric Nursing And Palliative Care1649 Words   |  7 Pages Although highly uncomfortable for most to talk about, pediatric palliative care is a real and intricate necessity for many families with children facing a life-threatening illness. Leming and Dickinson state that in addition to being interdisciplinary, palliative care is unique in that it is both family-centered and patient-centered with the common goal of meeting the physical, psychosocial, social and spiritual needs of both parties (2016). Maintaining both the comfort and dignity of a dyingRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing Essay4338 Words   |  18 Pageschattering hopes and advices, and observation of the sick. Hildegard E. Peplau focused on the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient. The three phases of this relationship are orientation, working, and termination. The relationship is initiated by the patient’s felt need and termination occurs when the need is met. Both the nurse and the patient grow as a result of their interaction. Virginia Henderson first defined nursing as doing for others what they lack the strength, willRead Moreevidenced based nursing1806 Words   |  8 Pagesavailable, reliable, and dependent sources† (Brown, 2002). The definition also includes the balance of clinical experience, proven evidence from scientific studies with patient input. This input from patients will incorporate their culture, values and other preferences.. Evidence Based Practice is a fluent process that requires nurses to be current and correct on information as it pertains to their daily practice. The intent of EBP is to improve the quality of the care that is delivered to the clientRead MoreThe Practical Application of the Faye Glenn Abdellahs Theory in the Holistic Care of a Patient with Terminal Stage Breast Cancer2734 Words   |  11 Pagesand knowledge so that each woman can make the best decisions concerning her care. Optimally, these issues are best discussed with the patients doctor on an individual b asis. What follows is a review of information on breast cancer intended to aid patients and their families in their navigation through the vast ocean of breast cancer issues. Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in women in the U.S and other countries. While theRead MoreThe Right To Die Act Is Referred To As Physician-Assisted1832 Words   |  8 Pagesarguments have been stated, analyzed, and ridiculed without any resolution. The present paper is intended to give an overview of such arguments regarding human euthanasia, ethically and legally. In addition to the ethical dilemma, the importance of patient rights, advocacy, and sensitive nursing care is introduced. 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The present paper is intended to give an overview of such arguments regarding human euthanasia, et hically and legally. In addition to the ethical dilemma, the importance of patient rights, advocacy, and sensitive nursing care is introduced. A Person’s Right to Die: An Ethical Dilemma A person’s right to die is defined as the decision to refuse life-sustaining measures that are intended to prolong life artificially whenRead MoreThe Importance Of An Admission And Discharge3018 Words   |  13 Pagesthe main cause of overcrowding in the waiting area of the emergency room and patients leaving without being seen. The delays of patient admission from the emergency room to the unit can make the patient condition worsen, prolong early interventions and treatments, and also increase hospital cost. One of the main reasons for delays in admission and discharge of patients is a lack of designated admission and discharge nurses in the emergency room. The essential features of this paper include how Lewin’s

Rawls Trawls’ Theory of Justice, Hayeks Theory of Freedom Free Essays

Friedrich Hayek was a British philosopher who wrote from his experiences of World War one in which he served. It is known that based on Hayek’s experience in the war and his desire to help avoid the mistakes that had orchestrated to the war; he was led to this career in which he developed the theory of freedom. Hayek argues that there are many definitions for the term freedom; however he refers to this as â€Å"freedom without coercion. We will write a custom essay sample on Rawls Trawls’ Theory of Justice, Hayeks Theory of Freedom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hayek also speaks to individual and personal freedom in which he argues that a man is either free or not free. Being free he says is acting on one’s own will and not the will of another and emphasises the idea that there are two types of freedom; freedom to and freedom from. When Hayek speaks to freedom, he makes mention of Political, Personal/Inner as well as Economic freedom. John Rawls on the other hand was an American philosopher who wrote from his experiences of World War two. Rawls developed the theory of Justice. Justice is a concept of moral relevance based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, equity or fairness. Rawls refers to â€Å"justice as fairness† and from the theory of justice, the liberty and difference principle was derived. Rawls argues that â€Å"Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as information is of preparations of thought. † From the theory of justice the original position and the veil of ignorance were also developed. You can read also  Justice System Position Paper   These concepts will be explained further. The aim of this essay is to outline and formulate major distinctions between the two theories listed above by stating the similarities as well as the differences that tells them apart and evaluate both theories, subsequently justifying which of the two provides a better explanation. As was mentioned before, Hayek’s theory of freedom refers to freedom from coercion. The term coercion refers to the act of compelling by force or authority. In Hayek’s words â€Å"coercion can be explained as control of a person’s environment or circumstances such that â€Å"he is forced to act not according to a coherent plan of his own but to serve the ends of another,† and so â€Å"unable to use either his own intelligence or knowledge or to follow his own aims. † Hayek went on to say that coercion means having control for the environment so that he/she acts in the interest of the person rather than the interest of their own. Coercion he argues is will, because it removes or eliminates the individual as a thinking person that should be valued and asserts that the only way to prevent coercion is through the threat of coercion. The coerced lacks the ability of using his knowledge for his own purposes, since the effective use of aptitude requires that one be able to predict to an extent the conditions that exist in one’s environment and adhere to an arrangement of action. â€Å"But if the facts which determine our plans are under the sole control of another, our actions will be similarly controlled. † p. 34 For Hayek coercion means doing the will of another and not his own and he gives an example of this, â€Å"Even if the threat of starvation to me and perhaps to my family impels me to accept a distasteful job at a very low wage, I am not coerced by him or anybody else. So long as the act that has placed me in my predicament is not aimed at making me do or not do specific things, so long as t he intent of the act that harms me is not to make me serve another person’s ends, its effect on my freedom is not different from that of any natural calamity a fire or a Rood that destroys my house or an accident that harms my health. p. 137 However, what may seem to be coercion to some may not be coercion to others, hence, Hayek outlines that the following conditions must be satisfied in order to say that a person has been coerced; The coerced person’s environment must be controlled by another so that, while he does choose, he is made to choose what will serve the ends of another rather than his own ends, The coercer must threaten to inflict harm with the intention, thereby, to bring about certain ends, That which the coercer denies to me must be crucial to my existence or to what I most value, That the act of the coercer must be directed at me. Upon careful examination, it will become apparent that Hayek’s definition of coercion is radically defective, primarily because it provides no objective and clear cut standard of what is a coercive act but rather leaves it to individual judgment (with reference to what the individual most values) the determination of when a coercive action has been committed. Hayek speaks also about personal freedom and this he explains as â€Å"inner freedom† which he explains as metaphysical or subject freedom which is the extent to which a person guides his actions by his/her own will, reasons and lasting conviction as opposed to momentarily impulses or circumstances. Economic freedom, which refers to freedom from enterprise or state control and Political freedom which refers to freedom from arbitrary rule or arrest and the opportunities people have to determine who should govern and by what principles. To Hayek, the existence of government is not only permissible but also desirable and he considers, as most classical liberals did, that defence, police, and the administration of justice are indispensable functions of government. He asserts that these governmental activities are not hindrances to a free society, but its guarantees and he argues that the only interference in freedom government should have is preventing one from coercing another. For Hayek freedom means the rejection of direct control over individuals’ efforts and he argues that knowledge must be available, free, unrestricted or controlled and that our faith in freedom should rest on the belief that it will create forces of good rather than evil and that the benefits we derive from freedom depends heavily on how others use it, however, he argues also that we cannot achieve certainty in human affairs so we best make use of the knowledge we have. Thus we should stick to the rules of experience which best serves our way of thinking, although we don’t know the consequences of using this knowledge. He believes civilization is progress and progress is civilization. Hayek also speaks about liberty and stresses that the true meaning of liberty is liberty under the rule of law, rather than unlimited liberty. It follows that freedom of economic activity means ‘freedom under the law, not the absence of all government action’ (Hayek, 1960, p. 220). Rawls on the other hand speaks about the theory of justice, from this the liberty and difference theory was derived and the â€Å"original/initial position† as well as the â€Å"veil of ignorance†. Rawls argued that two principles serve to organize society; the â€Å"liberty principle† which is the first principle of justice that speaks to the fact that person is to have an equal right to the most freedom compatible with everyone else having that same amount of freedom and the â€Å"difference principle† which is the second principle which is an egalitarian conception that unless there is a distribution that makes both parties better off an equal distribution is to be preferred and speaks to the fact that social economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and attached to the position and offices open to all. Primary Goods is a term used by Rawls to cover all the things that the Two Principles of Justice are going to divide up. They are things like rights, opportunities, incomes, power etcetera. Rawls He rooted the original position in and extended the concept of â€Å"social contract† previously advocated by Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke which made the principles of justice the object of the contract binding members of society together. The original position as that which representatives with limited information about the interests that they represent attempt to agree as to how society should be ordered and the veil of ignorance is the state of not knowing or having all knowledge or information for the alternatives but arriving at a position. This deal with the initial/original position which sets up a fair procedure that any principle agreed will be just. Rawls also speak of social justice which he states ‘is to be regarded as providing in the first instance a standard whereby the distributive aspects of the basic structure of society are to be assessed’; therefore, ‘they may not elucidate the justice†¦of voluntary cooperative arrangements or procedures for making contractual agreements’ (Rawls, 1999, pp. 7-8). For both theories, it can so far be seen that although both theories are different they also have similarities. The first similarity is that Rawls and Hayek both worked from the same tradition-liberalism in which they argued that individuals should to be free to pursue their own idea of the good life and that the state’s role is as an enabler. Secondly, they both agree on â€Å"the essential point,† which is that principles of justice apply to the rules of institutions and social practices, but not to distributions of particular things across specific persons. Thirdly, the government is important and that the government exists to serve the people; the people do not exist to serve the government. Finally, they both argue agreed on the idea that the handicaps should be provided for. The differences as it relates to both theories are that; firstly, Hayek is from an economic standpoint while Rawls is more rationale and social. The main difference between both is their attitude to equality as Rawls believed in egalitarian and social justice which are two concepts that Hayek rejected as Rawls believe that each individual has different skill, talents and understanding hence they cannot be equal. Hayek argues that †Whether he is free or not does not depend on the range of choice but on whether he can expect to shape his course of action in accordance with his present intentions, or whether somebody else has power o to manipulate the conditions as to make him act according to that person’s will rather than his own. (Hayek, 1960, p. 13) His view is that one should work in order to achieve what they want and with this point of view, Hayek argues that ‘we may be free and yet miserable’ (Hayek, 1960, p. 18). In relation to Rawls’ definition of liberty, Hayek stresses that the true meaning of liberty is liberty under the rule of law, rather than unlimited liberty. It follows that freedom of economic activity means ‘freedom under the law, not the absence of all government action’ (Hayek, 1960, p. 220). Also, Hayek equates social justice with distributive justice and dismisses both of them. He claims that ‘liberalism aims at commutative justice and socialism at distributive justice’ and that ‘distributive justice is irreconcilable with freedom in the choice of one’s activities’ (Hayek, 1960, p. 440). In conclusion, I believe that Rawls theory of justice gives a better explanation as it is more accurate, I see this theory as the more applicable of the two to our society rather than that of Hayek’s as his notion of freedom and liberty is too wide and far-fetched for our developing societies. His notion on inequality and giving credit to the countries which are ahead is quite debatable, Rawls however believes in equal distribution of wealth. Rawls believes that if each individual is given the same opportunity then society will be just. Hayek on the other hand believes that each individual’s ability, skills and talent is different thus equality is impossible; this is to some extent true but distribution of state goods should be just and fair. Each individual should have equal opportunity regardless of social class or position. For Hayek an individual should be free to do as he so desires. How applicable would this be to our society? He argues that the government’s role should only to be implement sanctions for an individual’s action if they so believe that this individual has infringed on another’s right. Hayek further makes vague arguments that that the government should recognize and protect private domain and in doing so and that private persons will be given rules as to what the government will do in different types of situation. Again- inequality protruding. How to cite Rawls Trawls’ Theory of Justice, Hayeks Theory of Freedom, Papers

Media Ownwership and Control free essay sample

This paper shall give an overview of ownership and control of the media by considering the ownership and control patterns and models that exist. Further the paper shall dig deep into the theoretical perspectives of ownership and control patterns by considering the authoritarian/totalitarian, libertarian and the social responsibility theories of media ownership. Specifically, ownership and control trends of the Kenya media shall be analyzed, paying more attention to cross ownership of media and the implications of this form of ownership to media industry and society in general. The main concern is that with the rapid increase of cross media ownership, where certain media houses run newspapers, television stations ND radio stations, the credibility and neutrality of the Kenya media is questionable. This is mainly because in such a case, the information, news and general output of television and radio stations are merely a summary of what was contained in the newspaper. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Ownwership and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The argument brought forward in this paper is that the Kenya media individuals due to cross ownership. There is thus lack of plurality of ownership and as a result lack of plurality of ideas, opinions and voices resulting from domination by few. To add to this, the major owners are players in other sectors and therefore these media serve to serve and promote their other interests. Therefore, the recommendation at the end of it all is that regulation restricting concentration of ownership and cross media ownership be brought to play so as to promote plurality of ideas.Media ownership and control are major issues in media policy in the field of communication which cannot be overlooked in understanding how media works. The ownership patterns of media have changed world over due to general economic growth. Before the 20th century, many media were owned and controlled by the state. This however changed with the turn of the century bringing with it a rise of numerous newspapers. Southern 2001) puts it that as early as the turn of the century, German press theorists were already dealing with the concentration of ownership that was developing in the German economy and the implication of these media ownership patterns. This trend followed in most western nations where strong economic groups and conglomerates got into media ownership leading to concentration of ownership of the media where few individuals or groups gained control of the media. For example, according to Southern (2001) the mid 20th century saw the consolidation of media ownership in the U. S. A due to economic pressure and mounting competition which led to orientation of media chains. Many other nations including Britain and other European nations took up the trend in the late sixties and as Southern (2001) puts it, these trends and developments informed other countries world over in as far as ownership and control of media is concerned. It is as a result of this that cross ownership and foreign ownership of local media is in the increase. In most countries, the media is a capitalistic operation that is mainly dominated and controlled by private parties whose major drive is minimization of profit. Ownership of such media lies in the hands of a few individuals or groups. As Lowlier Cannels (1994) point out, contemporary researches indicate increasing levels of consolidation, with the media industry already being highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. This therefore dictates the media content where content that might threaten these interests is censored or doctored to suite these purposes. While citing Picador, Southern(2001) supports this viewpoint arguing that allocation decisions in such a media are made on the basis of economic forces controlling operations of the market. A study of Kenya Media ownership pattern points out how the media is dominated y a few individuals through cross media ownership thus limiting plurality of ideas and opinions. There is therefore need to understand media ownership trends for a number of reasons as put forward by Doyle(2002) who argues that one reason for understanding issues on media ownership is pluralism since concentrated media owners. In addition, he is of the opinion that this concentration narrows down the range of voices that dominate the media thus threatening societal interests. In this regard, it is worth noting that there are a number of media ownership and control tatters which include: state ownership, commercial or private ownership, community ownership and public owner Overview of Media Ownership and Control Patterns Although (1984) identifies four major models or exemplars of media ownership. The first is the official model in which the news outlets are state owned or controlled for example Kenya broadcasting Corporation in Kenya, the Voice of America in America, and the CATV in China. The second model is the commercial ownership which reflects the ideology of advertisers and their media owning allies. In this form of ownership, the media is dominated by private individuals or groups. The third model reflects the financing group such as a political party or religious group. An example of political ownership is the Kenya Times (defunct) which was owned by the then ruling party KANE. Thatchs (1984) states that the fourth model of ownership are the informal pattern which reflects the goals of individual contributors who wants to promote their views. It is important to note that the mix of these patterns varies from country to country and overtime within countries. Similarly, Ferry, Silverberry Final (2009) identify three basic global media ownership systems, each of which exercises a extinct influence on the construction of media messages including state ownership, commercial ownership and community ownership. State Ownership and Control The attribute of this system of ownership is that the news information agencies belong to the state. According to Silverberry et. Al (2009), under this system, the media is regarded as an instrument of the state. The government regards the media as tools to guide the people towards their social political and economic destiny. Consequently all information, including criticism of the government is tightly controlled. The media is wend and controlled by the government mainly to propagate its agenda. This form of ownership has been there for a long time and is still embraced by many countries. This argument is supported by Deferent (2007) who holds it that State ownership and control of newspaper and radio were and remain a key aspect of communist societies such as the former USSR, Romania, china and Cuba. In spite of trends towards liberalizing and deregulation in liberal democratic systems; the state continued to have an involvement in the regulation of media such as radio and Television. The best example of state owned media is the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. Commercial/Private Media Ownership In this type of ownership, the media may be owned by companies controlled by individuals, families, shareholders or holding companies. Historically, many newspapers were owned, controlled and even edited by individual media entrepreneurs. In the 19th century, for example, many of the so called press barons wielded considerable additional power and allied themselves with the interests of the capitalist class thus gaining ownership and control of many media outlets. It is this form of ownership that has led to concentration of ownership where media hat commercial media ownership may involve a number of configurations which include: Mono-media concentrations and cross media / multimedia concentrations. Mono media concentrations or horizontal concentration refers to concentrated ownership within a single sector of activity such as newspapers, publishing, radio or television while cross media or multimedia concentration on the other hand refers to common ownership across different types of media outlets. It refers to the fact that global media corporations are crossing media boundaries and invest in a wide range of media products in an attempt to maximize profit. For example, ownership of a television station, radio station and a newspaper by the same individual or group. Doyle (2012) further says that cross media concentration can reflect either vertical or diagonal integration or both where vertical integration refers to the common ownership across different phases in the supply chain of a media product such as TV programmer production and TV broadcasting. For example, Royal Media Services Produce programmer such as Papa Shirttails and airs them. Diagonal integration on the other hand meaner common ownership between different sectors such as Television and newspapers or newspapers and radio. Examples in the Kenya Scene is Nation Media Group which owns The Daily Nation, ANT and a number of radio stations such as Easy FM and Q FM. Diagonal integration also occurs when firms diversify into new business ventures such as industrial production or telecommunication. As earlier mentioned private ownership leads to media firms placing profit above public interest which can lead to cultural decay in that popular media can become homogeneity. It often results in industry concentration, which in turn leads to stiffing or alternative points of view. On the other hand, benefits of private media ownership has some benefits which include the fact that it can result in better quality products due to competition, the interest of losing market share to a competitor forces firms to put forth their best products. Community Media Ownership According to Silverberry et. L (2009), Community based media are independent, community owned and run media which are usually organized on a non-profit basis by specific interest groups such as womens collective or an ethnic minority group. According to UNESCO Community owned media is an alternative medium to public \ND commercial media which engages in a social agenda verifying views and facilitating public views and conce rns about context specific issues and discussion. They are thus, operated in the community, for the community, about the community and by the community. It is worth noting that in this case community can be a territorial or geographical a township, village, district or Island or it can also be a group of people with common interests who are not necessarily living in one defined territory. What distinguishes community radio from other media is the high level of peoples participation both in management and program production aspects. Furthermore, individual community members and local institutions are the principal sources of support for its operation. As such community owned media are controlled by the communities that own them and not the government or individuals. A good example of such is Radio Amendable which is owned and controlled by the people of Rained and Ghetto FM which is associated with people from the Ghettos. One audiences, they are typically run on a modest budget and aim to serve the needs and interests of a clearly defined community such as the students in university of people f a small town. They as a result give the best to serve these needs. Also, they are independent from interference by advertisers since they depend upon small amounts of advertising and sponsorship from commercial interests. Other forms of ownership and control patterns include party ownership where a certain political party owns and controls the media. Such a media works for the party by mainly carrying content that is in support of the views of the party or the party leadership. An example of political ownership is the Kenya Times (defunct) which was owned by the then ruling party KANE. Religious groups may also own the media and Just like the political party owned media, such a media helps promote the beliefs and values of the religious group. Radio Waning which is owned by the Catholic Church is such a media. Theoretical Perspective of Media Ownership and Control In considering media ownership and control, theorists emerged with that attempt an explanation on ownership issues and their implications on media. Such theorists include pluralists and Marxist. Pluralists consider the value of the audience in determining media content while Marxist consider the owners as the determiners of Edie content as argued by Fourier (2001) that in Marxist ideology, press content predominantly reflects the interests of the owners and therefore helps maintain the status quo. Pluralists argue that media owners are generally responsible in the way that they manage information since media content is mainly shaped by consumer demand in the market place thus buying public gets what they want while at the same time professional ethics of editors, Journalists and broadcasters are maintained. The argument is that media audiences are the real power holders because they either choose to buy or not. In supporting pluralism in the media in Doyle (2002) brings forward the argument that the existence of pluralism requires both diversity of media owners and media output. Accordingly, pluralism in media ownership goes beyond audience control to involve diversity of media supply which is reflected through the existence of a plurality of media independent and autonomous media and a diversity of media contents available to the public. Marxist theorists in media ownership borrow from the Marxist consideration of existence of economic structure or the base structure. According to them therefore Media is wend and controlled by a few who rank high in the economic structure. They believe that media owners who are members of the capitalist elite class use their media outlets to transmit ruling class ideologies. Mainland (1973) argued that the role of the media in such a case is to shape how we think about the world we live in and suggested that audiences are rarely about important issues. Similarly, Fourier (2001) suggests that the underlying assumption of Marxism is that economic ownership leads to the control of content that promotes the interests of the ruling class at the expense of the masses. This form of ownership and control leads to concentration of ownership and control in the hands off few in the capitalist class in society. Other major theories that explain media ownership and control trends include the authoritarian theory, libertarian theory and the social responsibility theory. Authoritarian Theory control is solely in the hand of the state or the government of the time. The media is controlled by the ruling authority and no one other than authority has any stake in media. (Absolutism in media)The state owns and controls all forms of the mass media erectly. Therefore, the authority for all media is in the hands of a small group of party leaders thus, only legal party members can publish. Accordingly, media are mental production of ideologies as expected by authority. According to Gibbers, Peterson Charms (1963) the authoritarian theory is a theory under which the press, as an institution, is controlled in its functions and operation by organized society through another institution, government. It describes that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite or authorities or influential bureaucrats. The function of the press is to support policies and actions of the state and its authority. Thus the units of communication are expected to support and advance the policies of the government in power. Mass media, though not under direct control of the state, has to follow the bidding of the state. According to McLain (1994) the biddings are either through legislation, direct state control of production, codes of conduct imposed, taxation, licensing and other forms of economic sanctions. It may also be controlled through interference of the government in the appointment f editorial staff or suspension of publication. The implication of such form of control in media is that in addition to denying the media its freedom, it causes bias in media content since it is doctored or bent to suit the needs of those in authority. Libertarian Theory The libertarian theory advocates for total freedom of the press where there is no interference whatsoever from any outside forces. Advocates of this theory were Ala Thug an early 16th century philosopher John Locke of Great Britain in the 17th century among others. The French in the 1789 in their declaration of the rights of man wrote hat every citizen may speak write and publish freely. Out of such doctrines came the idea of a free market place of ideas. George Orwell described libertarianism as allowing people to say things you do not want to hear. Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as the 4th estate, reflecting public opinion. According to Gibbers et. Al (1963) libertarianism advocates for absence of restraint in press and thus is based on the inherent individual freedom of expression as a human right. However critics argue that too much freedom of the media is dangerous and as a result advocate that media be checked. Social Responsibility Theory Gibbers et. Al (1963) argue that pure libertarianism is antiquated, out dated and obsolete. This according to them paved way for replacement of Libertarian theory with the Social responsibility theory which allows free press without any censorship but at the same time the content of the press should be discussed in public panel and media should accept any obligation from public interference or professional self regulations or both. The major argument of the social responsibility theory is that media has obligations to fulfill to a democratic society in order to preserve freedom ND thus it should have high standards for professionalism and objectivity, as well as truth and accuracy. It should also reflect the diversity of the cultures they represent and even though it is free to regulate itself, the public has a right to expect professional performance. (The proponents of this theory had strong faith in the good when necessary. This is the form of control that has been embraced by many states today and has proved to be effective if well utilized. Media Ownership and Control in Kenya Historical Background of the Kenya Media The Kenya media started with one newspaper, The African Standard, which started n 1902 as a monthly paper owned by an Asian. While citing Echoing, Iraqi (2010) refers to it as the oldest newspaper In Kenya and claims it took an anti-colonialism stand. Other magazines and newspapers arose later and by independence, there were about three stable and influential newspapers- The Standard, Tibia Leo and Daily Nation owned by private individuals. The Independent government owned and controlled the broadcast media which was solely Voice of Kenya (BOOK) radio and television. Media ownership and control trends changed during the Mom regime especially due to rise of multi-parties in Kenya. This brought with it private ownership of both print and broadcast media. Iraqi (2010) argues that the new political dispensation ushered in some changes in the media topography which saw the rise of Kenya Television Network which was established by the Kenya Media Trust in 1990. Soon after, Nation Television was established by the Nation Media Group. The group later added a radio station; Easy FM. Royal Media Group took up the trend and introduced Radio Citizen and Citizen TV. According to Iraqi (2010) the period between 1992 and 2002 saw the rise of a number of vernacular and other FM stations which provided all sorts of opinions on issues of the day. It is this period that also saw the rise of other newspapers such as The People Daily, Citizen Weekly, The Leader and later The Nairobi Star. A number of other media have arisen driven by the profitability of the market and the assumption that presence of many media outlets translate to plurality of voices and as a result leading to a democratic society. It is worth noting that this has however not been the case in Kenya since despite numerous of media outlets, the opinions are concentrated in the hands of a few who own and control these outlets due to cross media ownership. Cross- Media Ownership in Kenya Countries all over the world have had policies that govern and restrict cross media ownership in order to ensure plurality. For instance, the United Kingdom issued a document CROSS- MEDIA OWNERSHIP that restricted controlling interests in both newspaper and radio. Part IV Schedule 2 Part 3: National newspaper group with 20% or more of the national newspaper market are prohibited service. From holding a license to provide a national or local radio Kenya was not left out and in this regard the Ministry of Information and Communication published the Kenya Communications (broadcasting) regulations which provided for restrictions against cross- media ownership or concentration of media control. The regulation provided that no broadcaster other than the public coverage area. It should be noted that by the time of its establishment, a number of media houses had already crossed media ownership and thus the regulation was already belated. As Murmuring (2011) puts it, already a number of licensed broadcasters had multiple licenses for national coverage of radio or television broadcasts. It is therefore right to argue that Kenya Lacks in rules and regulations that govern and restrict cross- media ownership. Considering the concept of cross- media ownership in Kenya, Iraqi (2002) defines cross-media ownership as a situation where a media house or a person owns more than one media outlet. Murmuring (2011) adds a voice to this by arguing that the Kenya media is dominated by a few players who own different media outlets at the same time. Evidently, Kenya boasts of plurality of outlets but lacks in plurality of opinion despite the many outlets since they air the same opinions due to concentration of ownership and control that comes with cross-media ownership. As things stand, the media in Kenya today is mainly nominated by five major players who own more than three quarters of the media outlets. The five include: Royal Media Services, Nation Media Group, Radio Africa Group media Max and The Standard group. The Royal Media Services is owned by the renowned business man Samuel Manchuria who is one of the media moguls in Kenya today. It owns one of the dominant TV stations; Citizen TV that deals not only in airing of programmer but also production of some local programmer such as Mother- in-Law (vertical concentration). It is also diagonally concentrated in that in addition to owning this TV station, it owns eleven radio stations-nine of which roads in vernacular. These stations include: Radio Citizen , Mirror FM, Ramona FM, Mule FM, Mushy FM, Mug FM, Chamber FM, Ages FM, Woman FM,and Briar FM. The implication at the end of it all is that all these radio stations give the same opinion but in different languages leading to lack of plurality of opinion despite their being so many. The best illustration is their inclination to one particular political alliance during the completed 2013 election campaigns. Nation Media Group ( OMG) is owned by a number of people through share holding. The founder, who is also a ajar share holder, is the Similar His Highness the Gaga khan. The OMG is predominant in the print industry in addition to owning a number of broadcast media; both TV and radio. Iraqi(2002) point out the fact that the OMG owns Tibia Leo, Daily Nation,The daily Metro, The East African, and Business Daily in the newspaper category and adds that the Daily Nation is the most widely read newspaper in Kenya. In the broadcast category, OMG owns two TV stations namely, ANT and Q TV and radio stations such as Easy FM, Q FM and Venus. It is also worth noting that His Highness the Gaga Khan has interests in other sectors such as insurance-Jubilee Insurance Company, Industries and Production- Premier Food Company and even the health sector- Gaga Khan Hospital amongst others. The interests of these other sectors influence the content of these outlets in a way since all the interests of the owner must be protected. The other predominant media is Radio Africa Group which is owned by the Ghanaian Patrick Quarto in partnership with William Pike. The group boasts of owning six radio stations- two of which are the most popular radio stations for the urban elites; Kiss and Classic 105. The others are Radio Jamb, X FM, East FM and Relax FM. The group also owns a TV station; Kiss TV and the third another media house that has dominated the media by owning a number of media outlets. Commonly referred to as Stan Group, the group is owned by former President Mom in partnership with Joshua Ukulele and one of his sons Gideon Mom (Barbara Limited). The group owns one Radio Station; Radio Miasma, a TV station KIT and three newspapers; County Weekly, Standard Digital and The Standard which is the second widely read newspaper in Kenya. The fifth of the five major media houses is Media Max which is associated with the president, Our Kenya. While talking bout Media Max, Mawkishly (2012) says that it is part of TV Africa Holdings which is owned by the Kenya family and which bought SST from Henry Engine in 2007. It took over KEY, a TV station and Came FM which were previously owned by Rose Smooth. The group also bought The People Daily, a newspaper previously owned by the veteran politician Kenneth Mattie in addition to establishing Mile FM which mainly features gospel content. As noted before, the media houses duplicate TV, radio and newspaper content thus giving the same opinion even though they are distinct outlets. In addition, the other interests of the owners such as politics influence the content in favor of certain ideas or opinions. The government and other stake holders need to build up the laws to govern media ownership such a way that will not only provide for plurality of outlets but also of ownership which translates to plurality of opinions. Other media include the government owned CB which owns one TV station; CB TV and two radio stations CB English Service and its Swahili counterpart Idea way Tibia, Community owned Sunshiny FM, Ghetto FM and Pomona FM among others. There are also other smaller privately owned media such as capital Fm, Hope Fm and Hope TV, Assayer TV among others. Positive Aspects of cross media ownership Statues(2008) argues that ownership of multiple media sources in a single market allows companies to diversify their content in order to reach small, niche markets of consumers, rather than focus all of their energy on a lowest-common-denominator mass audience. For example, Royal Media Services is able to reach very remote areas because of the various vernacular radio stations spread across Kenya with the many small sets of audiences identifying with the stations that broadcast in their native languages. This gives Royal Media Services an advantage over radio stations that broadcast only in English or Swahili since it has better penetration in the market. Alan, Albanian Michael (2006) contend that when media companies consolidate resources, they are able to reduce the cost of production and broadcast of shows, making it more profitable for both institutions. Locally an example would be that of Nation Media group that runs two television stations being ANT and QUIT. A team of reporters gather news and prepares features that are available for broadcast on either station. This cuts cost incurred in production, saves time and also provides variety for the stations viewers. Forthright(1999) states that media- cross ownership allows companies to attract advertisers by building larger audiences and distributing the cost of news production across a variety of channels. Forthright(1999) further states survival of free broadcast media. As the number of paid media services increases, traditional free media, such as radio and television, are garnering a smaller audience share and fewer advertising, forcing cuts to newsroom budgets and leading some to reconsider the long-term viability of free broadcasts. Doyle(2002) asserts that media concentration through cross media ownership helps to spread the risk, more importantly perhaps, the wide spread availability of economies of scale and scope meaner that firms stand to benefit from strategies of diagonal [lateral expansions. Many firms have become transnational, I. E corporations with a presence in many countries. Globalization has encouraged media operators to look beyond the local market. For instance, even if The Star does not do well in the market, It can be sustained by its sister outlets Kiss 100 and Classic 105 which do relatively well. For local media outlets, the large corporate backing helps attract sponsors that they may not have otherwise had access to. This therefore creates opportunities for larger corporations to reach into smaller local markets they have yet to penetrate. Examples are sponsored Royal Media road shows organized in the different counties. Although critics argue that media consolidation results in less news and public affairs programming in local markets, Milky(2007) insists that local television newscasts for cross-owned stations contain one to two minutes more news coverage overall than the average for non-cross-owned stations. Technological innovations such as satellite and cable television and the Internet have created an explosion of sources of news and information that makes monopolistic control virtually impossible. According to Gatos (2008) concentration of media holdings has not resulted in fewer media owners as some critics have argued, he notes that the number of separately owned media outlets instead increased by as much as 90 percent in some markets between 1960 and 2000. In addition to all these, it is evident that in Kenya, cross ownership in media has helped bring information to otherwise would be unrealized areas thus empowering even the illiterate who do not understand the national or official language.